Writing

Writing

Question 1:  What is writing?

Writing is like juggling or riding a bicycle. It is an activity rather than a study subject. It entails practice for perfection. People do not become writers overnight.  The most celebrated writers such as Charles Dickens or Shakespeare practiced persistently without quitting. Writing is like playing tennis or golf. Not only does it keep mind active, but also, it stimulates the brain cells.

A writer is an individual that utilize written words creatively in different patterns, techniques, and styles to communicate personalized ideas. Writers are responsible for the production of creative writing and literary arts. They author novels, poetry, short stories and screenplays. Others produce multiple utilitarian forms like news articles and reports. Skilled writers manipulate the language to express unique ideas that contribute to the societal cultural content.  I am a writer because I possess most of the necessary qualities. I am passionate towards the profession. I also spend a significant amount of time to practice. Over the years, my writing skills have improved tremendously.

Question 2:  Rewriting

            In his book, Joseph Harris offers an advice to writing professionals, students and teachers on the need to incorporate voices, or outside sources into academic writing. His book focuses mainly on advancing wring skills by pushing the learning style of the student. His ‘moves’ concept is a guide to young writers. Even though Harris falls short of covering all fundamental revision aspects, his book covers supplemental voice in conversations about the education of writing process.  The author is convinced that the society lacks a tangible advice on how to conduct revisions.  According to Harris, true academic writing should reflect on inquiry, a re-thing and re-interpretation of the associated texts.  The works should be represented fairly as per writing aims. A writer should focus on suggesting different thinking strategies to ensure uniqueness of the information.

Question 3: Intertexuality

My story was intertextual because I borrowed phrases and concepts from the works of other writers. As such, my story became meaningful via evocation and referencing of other related texts.  As I borrowed information from other books, my story acquired multiple layers of meaning. Besides, my story interpreted the other texts differently due to shifts in effects and assumptions. I included different quotes from established and experienced writers to sum up the key story premise. Moreover, my story adopted the language of the authors whose works I utilized. This does not mean that my story lacks originality. Instead, Intertextuality boosted its credibility. It is hard to lose focus if the benefits of intersexuality are not embraced. However, each writer should take note and be aware of the risk and devastating effects of plagiarism. If used properly, intertextuality assumes its role as a sophisticated concept.

Question 4: Writing as a Transactional Activity

Writing is transactional because it entails sharing of information between different individuals and a communication of ideas. There are different forms of transactional writing including friendly mails, business letters, invitations and speeches. An interview is also one of the transactional writing genres. Success on social settings, schools and workplace demands a proper understanding of business and social transactional writing formats.  

Writing is also transactional as it forms a communication chain aimed at informing, communicating, or persuading an audience.  Often, different genres of transactional writing are brief. The writers should outline a plan for such writing before they can commit time and resources to it. The opening paragraphs should thank recipients for communication. In fact, a transactional writing activity should be divided into two sections. The first section should establish the theme, while the last should elaborate the details. Furthermore, transactional writing is formal as it targets professionals (Worton, 2005).

Reference

Worton, M. (2011). Intertextuality: Theories and practices. Manchester [u.a.: Manchester Univ. Press.

Why the Cow is Holy

Why the Cow is Holy

            Why is the Cow Holy? is a short YouTube video clip about an interview with a Hindu teacher. When he is asked about the main reason why Hindu people revere cow as an important animal in Hinduism, the teacher is categorical on how the western media is flawed and misled on the issue. He takes a time to explain in detail the symbolic importance of cow to Indian people, not just as a source of food but also as a human companion for millennia.

            To clarify his point, the Hindu teacher gives a classical instance of the role that a dog or a horse plays in the Western world. He equates the importance of such animals to cow’s humble role in the East. He refers the interviewer to thousands of years ago when Cow was domesticated in India and the benefits it brought to India in terms of prosperity and as a human’s closest animal.

            While he shrugs off the Western notion that Indians worship and drink cow's urine at school, he is quick to point out that all the human civilization is attributable to the cow--whether this true or not is subject to debate. However, the Indian teacher is strongly convinced that cow was indeed a hunter and gatherer's best friend. It is the only animal that actually stood by humanity since the beginning. As such, people should pay tribute to the cow as a way of showing respect to all animals. He explains that there is a strong bond between humans and dogs in the West because people can take a dog for a walk and not a cow. In addition, the Indian guru also says that people should meditate and fast often to link their spirit with the body.

           

Wal-Mart and P&G Advert

Wal-Mart and P&G AdvertWal-Mart and P&G Advert

Almost half of the Super Bowl audience is female. Despite the fact that most women tweet about advertisements during such occasions, only a handful of corporations is keen to tap into the benefits. In an AdWeek article, the author talks about how NFL is still male-dominated and how business organizations are yet to find out the best way to reach females. He notes that P&G and Wal-Mart are the latest in the list of pioneer corporations with intentions of engaging women NFL fans through influential mothers of NFL players. Therefore, Mama McCourty is the focus of ‘Game Day Traditions’ web video. The clip was first aired on Christmas Eve and has since received noteworthy airplay. In fact, the video has clocked more than 170,000 views on YouTube (Klara, 2016). More brands have followed Wal-Mart and P&G's lead. Game Day Traditions raises chances that women will join conversations on Super Bowl because the use of ‘a Mommy Blogger’ is a robust technique for marketing.

The strategy can be successful in the long-run due to its low cost as compared to Super Bowl spot. However, several challenges exist including the advertisement of unnecessary products in between the video scenes. This may be unattractive and inappropriate to most women. In addition, given the roughness that NFL games entail, it is hard to make brand videos like ‘Game Day Traditions’ attractive and effective to a section of the targeted audience. Still, it is possible to cover multiple brands and target a distinct market segment.

Several questions arise about the effectiveness of Wal-Mart and P&G marketing strategy. First, can the allied companies sustain the strategy in the long run given the market uncertainties and a possibility of the undesired outcome? What is the alternative strategy should the branding be rendered ineffective for Super Bowl? Is it possible to incorporate other influential women outside the NFL sphere?

References

Klara, R. (2016). How Walmart and P&G Are Trying to Reach Female Fans with Super Bowl Social Effort. Adweek. Retrieved from http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/how-walmart-and-pg-are-trying-reach-female-fans-super-bowl-social-effort-169150

Wal-Mart Case Study

Wal-Mart Case Study

Wal-Mart has been operational for more than half a century. The unique ability to survive market changes is one of the major strength of the hyper-store. However, it is notable that the firm faces multiple challenges ranging from corruption scandals to competition from the emerging market. Still, the expansion of the firm beyond the Americas demonstrates resilience and ability to adapt to a new business environment. Wal-Mart sales failed to pick up in developed countries such as Germany and South Korea because of market saturation and flooded cheap products. Wal-Mart mission is enshrined in the provision of quality products at an affordable rate. The organization targets low-income earners as they are the majority. While Wal-Mart is one of the most dominant multinational in the United States and South America, rivaling business entities are rapidly gaining a foothold (Head, 2004). This prompts its management to rethink its strategy and long-term goal to accommodate market variations and current consumer needs.

Challenges

Corruption

It is a common phenomenon for large multinationals like Wal-Mart to be plagued by controversial business transactions and shoddy deals. In 2005, Wal-Mart de Mexico’s executives made allegations regarding the payment of bribes through local fixers to Mexican officials. In exchange, the authorities were to submit information, construction permits, and other favors to earn Wal-Mart a competitive edge. As the firm’s investigators noted in 2012, there is credible evidence that American and Mexican laws were broken (Barstow, 2012). Today, there are concerns that America’s Wal-Mart officials engage in unethical business practices to cover up unfair activities in the internal business environment. While the move is a desperate bid to guard Wal-Mart’s image, revelations through the media outlets threatens to do more harm than good. In fact, statistics shows that more than 56% of the company’s customers are classified as conservatives. Thus, news about scandalous activities can signal a tragic end of its operations in the affected regions. 

Integrating Digital Services

Information technology plays a critical role in today’s business environment. Its adoption slashes the operational costs through automation of service provision. The management of Wal-Mart is aware of the implication of IT to the business performance. At the same time, there are concerns that large-scale automation of business operations can trigger employee protests, especially due to fears of job loss and insecurity. One of Wal-Mart’s main goals is to offer job opportunities to the local population. This way, the firm is assured of consumer loyalty (Luchsinger, 2009). Besides, it is the firm’s policy not to focus on charitable activities. Instead, the resources are channeled towards improving the stakeholder’s relationship with the organization.

Information technology system that allows for online orders and delivery is an efficient way to improve operational efficiency. However, its integration should be gradual to avoid raising eyebrows and drawing concerns from employees and business activists. This is a tested strategy that enables the organization to evolve and adapt to the market trends at the same time remaining competitive. 

Loss of focus in Customer Service Provision

The rapid expansion of Wal-Mart threatens its future downfall. Customer needs often escape management’s attention as the base widens. Recent surveys indicate that an increasing number of customers are becoming unsatisfied with the company’s PR strategy. For instance, the majority are concerned about poor communication channels between them and  staff members. In fact, a significant number of loyal customers are having second thoughts regarding the need to embrace emerging rivals. In china, for example, more than 110 million citizens have joined middle-class earners. This explosion threatens a doom to a low-class-oriented Wal-Mart.

Fresh Goods

            Grocery stores demand an undivided attention to ensure consistency in quality product provision. As inventory pile up in the back rooms, there is a high tendency of fresh farm produce going stale. The cost of providing refrigeration services is high. In fact, the management is looking into ways to minimize storage cost for instance Just in Time (JIT) delivery. Currently, a realization of this target is at a distant future. It is clear that the leadership should source for a short-term solution to the problem. A failure can lead to compromise of product quality hence customer dissatisfaction.

            Interestingly, health inspection authorities deduce a failure of Wal-Mart stores to meet the required standards of tidiness and cleanliness. Therefore, the attention of the management for the year is shifting towards improving the conditions through upgrade and renovation measures. The poor conditions are blamed on the rising number of customers and understaffing. 

Lee Scott Priorities

Lee Scott delivered his speech one month after hurricane Katrina's devastation. He admitted that the natural calamity took a toll on Wal-Mart's operations. The catastrophic event was an eye-opener for the management to source for means to tame climatic changes. Not only did the firm suffer losses, but also its customers in Mississippi and St. Louis were affected. Faced by a threat of lock-down and cease of operation, Lee Scott understood that precautionary measures should be taken to tackle future disasters. One of his priorities, as highlighted in the speech, is to install preventive measures to diminish the wrath of nature in the future. 

            Lee Scott cited Sam Walton’s (Wal-Mart’s founder) dream of providing services to the underserved population in the United States and across the world. Given that the hurricane affected the majority of low-income earners, it was an opportunity for the company to give back to the society through various corporate social responsibility activities (Plambeck et al., 2008). It did not escape Lee Scott's attention that during the early 2000s, Wal-Mart faced sharp criticism over a wide range of issues. After careful deliberations and wider consultations with the stakeholders, the management conceded that the business should embrace change. Therefore, his priorities included job creation, health care provision, and environmental concern. Others are embracing diversity, sourcing of products and services and involving local communities in business decision making. 

Environmental Protection

Prior to Hurricane Katrina, Lee Scott, and the management team were convinced that the organization engaged in ethical business practices by recycling responsibly. However, the extent of devastation necessitated a reassessment and a complete overhaul of its environmental management policies. It was evident that an increase in greenhouse gasses contributed by Wal-Mart’s activities threatened human and natural health systems. In addition, dumping of its waste to the water bodies trigger water-borne diseases while threatening the aquatic life. According to Lee, this should change. A 100% utilization of a renewable energy will create zero waste (Scott, 2005). Besides, he prioritized a sale of products that can sustain the environment.

Lee projected that by 2015, Wal-Mart can save up to 310 million dollars through a 25% increase of fleet efficiency. The business entity has the largest private fleet of trucks in the US alone. Changing its fleet stamps the organizations' position as a market leader. Some of the benefits accruing from the initiative will include cleaner air, job creation and improvement of productivity in the United States.  Moreover, the impact will be felt in the energy security sector. 

                                                          Technological Revolution

In his speech, the CEO prioritized utilization of a technological revolution to slash energy usage in stores by more than 30%. He gave an example of the use of solar energy in a Texas store and its positive outcome. He observed that the success of this sustainable energy initiative should set a trend for the future of Wal-Mart’s stores across the America. In this consideration, he projected an investment of 500 million dollars annually on innovation and technology. Specifically, the allocated resources will be utilized in the reduction of greenhouse gasses, prototype designs, and dissemination of the research outcome for use by allied firms and competitors alike.

Waste Minimization

            Wal-Mart’s CEO prioritized waste reduction as a second goal. This is due to its representation as the organization’s most visible opportunities. He exemplified that throwing used products instead of recycling mandate replacement purchase. Reversing the existing vicious cycle means a reduction of supplies. Nonetheless, all the supplied products will be recycled. He estimated that a sale of recyclable products to manufacturing firms will add up to $28 million annually.

Product Sourcing and Improvement

            Scott Identified the need to eliminate trade-offs for customers that acquire products from Wal-Mart stores. He connotes that it is not imperative for an individual—especially a US citizen—to be high-income earners to afford basic commodities. In addition, he hinted a progress made by a collaboration of the company’s subsidiaries in western countries and its allies regarding organic baby products. In essence, the sustainable goods shall be priced similarly to others in the market.

Healthcare

            Motivation stems from a healthy workforce. The CEO is convinced that the employees and the customers deserve proper healthcare. It is because of this reasons that he proposes affordability and ease of access to quality medical attention. He commits the organization towards a creation of innovative programs for communities, loyal customers, and business associates. Lee Scott is keen to ensure that the firm plays its part in the development of solutions and eliminating challenges in the regional system of healthcare. This vision can only be achieved if the insurance cover is brought closer to all associates. Furthermore, the choice of benefits and plans offered should be increased and diversified to meet the population needs (Jacobs & Eggbeer, 2012).

Board Initiatives

            Supplemental benefits documentation captured most of the raised issues affecting associates, public reputation, and the benefits' growing cost. The board retreat focus was on healthcare provision and the concern for the aging employee population. It was reported that Wal-Mart's employees were getting sicker than the general population. Moreover, a section of the subordinate staff made an inefficient healthcare consumption. A survey indicated that associates were satisfied with their benefits package. Nevertheless, they strongly opposed provider choice restrictions and high deductibles.

            The initiatives of the board members were categorized into two: limited-risk initiatives and old steps. The first category required no or little trade-off between associate satisfaction and public reputation. On the other hand, the latter proved difficult to successfully execute. However, the bold steps wielded greater impact.

            Limited-Risk proposals included a realignment of health insurance eligibility requirements. This is to enable qualification of associates and their families to qualify after a specified number of hours. The board projected that the initiative will ensure simplicity in external communications thus increasing competitiveness in the labor market.

            The second initiative entails a reduction in spouse cross-subsidization. The proposal is made possible by adopting higher premiums (Stores, 2006). Covering spouses is remarkably expensive even for a retail giant like Wal-Mart. An increase in periodic premium rate offers an opportunity to cater for extra costs and the allocation of more resources. Further, it was proposed that associates ought to be educated on the use of health care and health insurance. Implementation of the initiative enables the target audience to make informed decisions.

 Apart from health insurance, board members intended to offer a bundle of other benefits such as paid leave, discount cards, and education. Their provision will be segmental to satisfy individual tastes and preferences. In addition, an exploration of additional clinics within the stores was tabled for consideration.

            Bold Steps included a movement of associates to ‘customer-driven’ healthcare plans to ensure a health savings account build-up and control cost variations. Top- level managers unanimously agreed to fine-tune a retirement program to cut expenditures and encourage associates to save for retirement. It entails complete overhaul and redesign of retirement program details, and job specifics to attract more productive and healthier workforce.  

Wal-Mart Initiatives in Terms of Strategy and PR

            An initiative to channel resources towards environmental protection causes is strategically set to attract like-minded liberal consumers. In PR terms, it is intended to uphold Wal-Mart's position as market leader and a top competitor to rivaling firms. In fact, it ensures an establishment of a cordial relationship between the company, the government authorities, and stakeholders.  The return on investment in the long-run is worth the current expenditures.

 Improving customer service provision is a strategy to boost the organizational performance. Slumping revenues are traceable to poor service delivery and neglects on marketing basics such as an establishment of effective communication channels. Successful businesses leadership understands that ‘customer is the boss’. Thus, this consideration guarantees business survival in a competitive environment (Denend & Plambeck, 2007). On the other hand, the move is an intentional PR tool for establishing a brand image admirable all across the country and beyond.

Strategic Social Challenges

 Wal-Mart is a multinational and is expected to comply with formalized laws and regulations set by international bodies. There are multiple legal ramifications for the company should it violate stakeholders and employees rights. Hefty fines have been levied on many organizations that mistreat the labor force. As such, the organization has a challenge of implementing initiatives supported by the rule of law (Bonini et al., 2006). An introduction of revolutionary policies demands caution to avert denting company's reputation and image. 

 The conservative nature of Wal-Mart's customers encourages laxity in operation. As a low-income retail store, the organization attracts low-class individuals to its workforce. Resultantly, many workers are suffering from obesity, hence costing a fortune to Wal-Mart in terms of healthcare provision.  

            Not all the issues currently faced by Wal-Mart were already evident in 2003 case study. Some challenges emanate from 2005 hurricane Katrina and the 2008 global economic crisis. Today, the United States is yet to fully recover from a resultant recession. Economic tremors and business shocks have become increasingly common in today. This triggers market uncertainties hence impacting on Wal-Mart’s overall performance. Still, issues such as the need to embrace green energy were evident as early as the millennium’s dawn (Ghemawat et al., 2004).

            In summary, the massive size of Wal-Mart and its status as a global leader in retail services exposes it to market risks. The management's initiatives are poised to spark sweeping changes that not only transform the company's future operations but also that of its competitors.

References

Barstow, D. (2012). Vast Mexico Bribery Case hushed up by Wal-Mart after Top-Level Struggle. New York Times, 12.

Bonini, S. M., Mendonca, L. T., & Oppenheim, J. M. (2006). When Social Issues Become Strategic. McKinsey Quarterly, 2, 20.

Denend, L., & Plambeck, E. L. (2007). Wal-Mart's Sustainability Strategy. Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University.

Ghemawat, P., Mark, K. A., & Bradley, S. P. (2004). Wal-Mart Stores in 2003. Harvard University School Publishers.

Head, S. (2004, December 16). Inside the Leviathan. New York Times, p. 1. Retrieved from http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2004/12/16/inside-the-leviathan-2/

Jacobs, M. O., & Eggbeer, B. (2012). Health Insurance Exchanges Bring Potential Opportunities. Healthcare Financial Management: Journal of the Healthcare Financial Management Plambeck, E. L., & Denend, L. (2008). Wal-Mart. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 6(2), 53-59.Association, 66(11), 44-6.

Luchsinger, V. (2009). Strategy Issues in Business Sustainability. Business Renaissance Quarterly, 4(3), 163.

Scott, L. (2005). Wal-Mart: 21st Century Leadership. Speech by Wal-Mart CEO, 24.

Stores, W. M. (2006). Inc. Supplemental Benefits Documentation: Board of Directors Retreat FY06 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

UNHCR Role with Syrian Refugees

The raging Civil War in Syria has resulted in a displacement of millions of citizens. The escalation of the war since 2011 instills fears on the residents of the greatly affected regions such as Aleppo and Damascus. The survivors flood the neighboring countries in search of refuge and peace. It is the responsibility of UNHCR to coordinate the efforts of the resettlement of the affected persons across the globe. UNHCR sources for funds from the rich countries and well-wishers to provide food and shelter to the victims of war. The UN mandates the agency to support and protect the refugees when requested by the UN or the affected states. Therefore, its roles include the provision of repatriation services, resettlement or local integration in another country.

Goal

The goal of this research project is to gather information on the specific roles of UNHCR in the affected countries, specifically Syria. It entails gathering data from credible sources to determine the extent of influence of the UN agency in the provision of humanitarian aid to the victims of war in the Middle East. In addition, the ability of UNHCR to handle mass movements of refugees in an active war zone shall be analyzed. Syria presents new challenges to the refugee agency because of the widespread instabilities in the entire Middle Eastern regions. It is notable that there are multiple parties involved in the fight for government control in Syria. As such, the UNHCR officials can hardly distinguish between terrorists, rebel fighters, and genuine refugees. In light of this, the research conducted clarifies the coordination and partnership that exist between the Syrian government, partnering NGOs and UNHCR (Evans 2011). In fact, the research offers an outline of distinct responsibilities delegated to volunteers and the local aid groups.

The Research Question

Syria has been plunged into war for more than half a decade. Therefore, obtaining verifiable information of the latest development and the current state of the country is a dangerous undertaking. Most of the reports about the suffering citizens can be obtained from the refugees that have successfully exited Syria. As such, there is a need to gather data extensively from various first-hand sources including former soldiers, journalists, refugees, and aid workers. Other information can be obtained from the Syrian government, Russian officials, rebels, and the coalition partners. Such information should answer the following questions:

a.       What role does UNHCR play in Syria?

b.      How many refugees have assisted by UNHCR initiatives in Syria?

c.       What is the annual expenditure of UNHCR in the resettlement of Syrian Refugees?

d.      Who are the main partners and donors to UNHCR mission in Syria?

e.       How does UNHCR balance its role in Syria with its responsibilities in other parts of the world?

f.       What are the challenges that threaten to cripple UNHCR's activities in Syria?

g.      What is the long-term goal of UNHCR in Syria?

h.      How can UNHCR improve is service delivery to ensure faster resettlement of Refugees in peaceful regions?

i.        How can UNHCR ensure the safety of its staff on the ground given the Russia’s Aerial military activity?

j.        What are the logistical challenges that UNHCR endures as it exercises its UN-mandated role in Syria?

The questions offer a glimpse on UNHCR’s overall agenda and its concerted effort to ensure that human rights are upheld in the war-ravaged regions of Syria. The leadership of the refugee agency is aware of the need to provide human rights to the citizens and to ensure the establishment of a rule of law in refugee camps. If UNHCR is successful in delivering its mandate, the devastating impact of Syrian Civil war is minimized effectively. Moreover, a provision of answers to the question is a first step towards ensuring that the global audience can keep track of the humanitarian events happening in the region. The research outcome is critical in ensuring the appreciation of UNHCR’s role. Further, the questions guide the researcher in obtaining facts from primary and secondary sources. Answering each question is an accomplishment of one research.

The questions are directly related to my area of expertise hence I have an opportunity to exercise my knowledge and widen my experience on issues related to public relations. A solution to these questions enables me to appreciate the importance of gathering factual information in journalism and mass media. Besides, the questions call for references to the secondary and first-hand information provided by journalists on the ground in Syria. Most of the questions entail inquiry thus enhancing the level of curiosity.

The Methodology

The data shall be collected from various sources to ensure the credibility of the outcome (Khan, 2011). Different parties are involved in an effort to bring stability to Syria. Many volunteers from the United States, Europe, and the developed world participate in the relief efforts in Syria and the neighboring countries that experience refugee overflow. Therefore, such individuals are appropriate sources of data on the Role of UNHCR in Syria. 

The respondents shall be selected randomly for a data collections session. A research on UNHCR role with Syrian refugees requires gathering of qualitative data. Some of the most appropriate methods of data collection include observations, conducting interviews and filling in of questionnaires. Additionally, reporting and reference to data records can also be considered. Face to face an interview with the primary sources of information such as UNHCR agents guarantees the provision of reliable information. Therefore, the researcher shall organize for a venue to interview the respondents. An observation of UNHCR volunteers and agents in action is also viable as a data collection strategy. In case the former refugees are unwilling to disseminate information, the researcher can use open-ended questionnaires due to anonymity (Lukunka 2011).

A few resources should be utilized during the entire research sessions. To cut on cost, the researcher obtains information from secondary sources such as books and refugee data records. Secondary data is found in libraries or the UNHCR premises. Besides, the websites of the UN and UNHCR has sufficient information on the latest refugee crisis in Syria and the assistance that the agency offers.

Problems

Issues arise during the sourcing for information. Some of the problems that can be anticipated include the respondent’s unwillingness disseminate information, lack of accessibility of some sources of data and inaccuracy of the data gathered (May, 2011). Furthermore, the data collection methods chosen may be inappropriate for a research of this magnitude hence posing problems to the final research outcome. Financial constraint is also a factor that can hinder the process of gathering data. In fact, traveling from one refugee camp to the other demands adequate funding. Insufficiency of funds means that some refugee respondents will become inaccessible thus a loss of an opportunity to gather crucial first-hand information.

Limitations

Research materials have limitations such as inaccuracy of the recorded data. It is hard to verify the credibility of the secondary sources of data. Moreover, there is a high chance that the latest development and information regarding UNHCR roles in Syria are not captured in the textual sources. In the case of research subjects, a language barrier can limit the amount of data recorded (Shipman, 2014). If the researcher does not understand Arabic language, communication with the respondents especially the refugees will be difficult. Human subjects will be used for the study.

Safety Precautions

Visiting the war-torn country requires a researcher to obtain security for safety reasons. The researcher should have a working safety plan to ensure avoidance of risky locations in the research field. In fact, the authorities (including the Institutional Review Board) should be notified of the time and date that the researcher will conduct interviews or observations to the refugees at the camp. It is also imperative to make medical preparations in case of ailments due to environmental changes (Kothari, 2013). First aid kit should be assembled and should consist of allergy treatment, flares, and sunscreen. The researcher should establish a channel of communication with the project supervisors as well.

Debriefing the Subjects

After the researcher obtains data from the respondents, the debriefing process will commence. It will include statement hypotheses and purposes of the research project and the provision of a remedy in case of provision of incorrect information during the process (Whitley et al., 2012). The contacts of the researchers will also be provided in case the respondents are willing to share additional information.

References

Evans, B. A., & Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2011).Realizing Protection Space for Iraqi Refugees: UNHCR in Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon. Geneva: UNHCR. Print.

Khan, J. A. (2011). Research Methodology. New Delhi: APH Publishing Co. Print.

Kothari, C. R. (2013). Research methodology: Methods & techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd. Print.

Lukunka, B. (2011). UNHCR is My Husband: Interpreting the Nature of Militarized Refugee Women's Lives in Kanembwa Refugee Camp. ProQuest.

May, T. (2011). Social research: Issues, Methods, and Process. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press. Print.

Shipman, M. D. (2014). The Limitations of Social Research. London: Routledge. Print.

Whitley, B. E., Kite, M. E., & Adams, H. L. (2012). Principles of Research in Behavioral Science. London: Routledge. Print.

Importance of Understanding History

Importance of Understanding History

The importance of history today cannot be underestimated. Understanding historic occurrences shape the way people view their future and the present. History serves as an information storehouse on the way societies and people behave during different timeframes. Shelving historic details and overreliance on present data handicap the researchers’ ability to understand the behavior of societies and individual groups of people.

History eases the comprehension process on factors that trigger revolutions and regime changes. The discipline allows students to gain an understanding on institutional elements and how they persist in time despite imminent transformations. History keeps track of the landmark events that occurred in the past (Fea 42). It defines the human character, survival, and the manipulation of resources to advance civilization.  Failing to understand history is a retreat to the dark ages when human development did not matter.

A Sequence of historic developments sets a pattern that enables analysts to speculate on current and future probabilities. It is easy to pinpoint a period in time when a given civilization experienced a decline or improvement. This way, historians can study the factors that prompted such an outcome hence solving the existing mysteries in the modern societies.

Unlocking the access of human experience laboratory demands a concrete understanding of history as a discipline. Researchers of history acquire vital mind habits and basic data regarding the way forces of nature impact their lives. In addition, the discipline enhances critical thinking, information capacity and personal awareness (Fea 12). It is true that people often shrugs off history’s potential, especially during this era of accelerated developments. However, scrapping history altogether is impossible. Indeed, the subject teaches core values and the devastating effects of evil brought by societal decay. Therefore, caution should be taken when documenting historic data to ensure the accuracy of information passed from one generation to the other.

Works Cited

Fea, John. Why Study History?: Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. , 2013: 1-244. Internet resource.

Relationship between Britain and the EU since 1945

Relationship between Britain and the EU since 1945

Britain has had a frosty relationship with EU since 1945. However, the country has made a tremendous contribution to the union. In fact, historic experts regard Britain’s EU membership as symbolically important. Should the UK opt out of EU, chances are that other members will follow suit, hence leading to a collapse.

As a political movement, a movement for European unity initiated after the Second World War. British voices supported and inspired the formation of a political union in 1945. In 1946, Winston Churchill proposed the formation of federal European republic after realising the worst consequences of war in a sharply divided continent. However, in his view, Winston Churchill did not intend for Britain to become a key player in the Union. Instead, he proposed that France and Germany should lead the unification process. Critics often describe the ambivalent status of the UK and its citizens as ‘wishing to play an integral role in Europe from without’. There is a rather strong “othering” of EU as an issue to be tackled by another party and as a continental problem. British citizens and politicians that are pro-EU are defeated and humiliated on several occasions on matters focusing on UK’s increased integration with mainland Europe.  Parties such as Liberal Democrats--despite having a pro-EU stance—have a section of its members leaning towards nationalist views. Studies indicate that an average Briton has a stronger bond to Commonwealth of Nations than EU.

After 1945, during the aftermath of Second World War, there were calls for Britain to lead its neighbouring Western European nations towards economic recovery and prosperity. Churchill led European Conference on Federation as a significant step towards the formation of EU. In 1948, Churchill was one of the participants in the Hague Congress. The meeting was held to discuss the role and future structure of a proposed Europe Council. However, it is important to note that political mainstream players of British government failed to attend the congress despite their strong advocacy. Immediately after the war, the UK was preoccupied with the independence of African states until 1954. It was deemed fit for British global empire to be dissolved. As such, it did not become one of the founding members of European Communities.  The founding six member countries signed the Paris Treaty in April 1951to create European Steel and Coal Community though they failed to agree on the formation of European Defence Community. Churchill pan-Europeanism call for the formation of United States of Europe was futile as he did not lead his country to join European Steel and Coal Community.

During late 1940s, Hugh Gaitskell (Labour Party Leader) declared that if Britain joined European Economic Community, its centuries of history will come to a screeching halt. Later on, Labour party’s stance shifted in support of the European Community membership. Conservative groups in the UK also opposed common market membership. Therefore, conservatives formed Anti-Common Market League chaired by Victor Montagu as an opposing force.  Trade unionists and labour politician’s fear of bloc membership emanated from a possibility of socialist policies infringement.  There was a repetition of such nationalist views in the year 2002 when Denis Healey and other Labour MPs formed LAE (Labour against Euro) group to oppose British membership of Eurozone and the use of a single continental currency. 

1956 Suez Crisis Impact

UK faced multiple strains in its relationship with the United States even prior to unfolding of 1956 Suez Crisis events. Suez conflict aftermath served as a wake-up call for the UK that the US no longer preferred Britain as a special partner.  The country’s unwavering trust in America resulted in a massive economic loss, prompting the UK to reconsider its relationship with the rest of Europe. Resultantly, Denmark, Britain, and Ireland got into talks in preparation for European Free Trade Association (EFTA) formation. In 1962, George Brown and other Labour party politician still had a contrasting opinion that Britain should join and lead the EU.

During early 1960s, conservative British government’s membership attempts were resisted strongly by various states in the continent. In particular, French president Charles de Gaulle launched a sharp criticism against British EU membership. Resultantly, EU placed Britain on a one-year-long waiting list instead of being offered a leadership position. Pro-EU Britons regarded this move as a humiliating defeat in their effort to be part of a progressive union. De Gaulle’s 1963 veto became a devastating blow especially for Harold Macmillan who ended his career for the sake of European Affairs. In the ensuing years, there was a major economic decline in the United Kingdom propelled by disturbing political scandals.  Such a combination dented the image of Europe in the eyes of the British public and vice versa (Mophet, 2013).  The veto was eventually lifted when Georges Pompidou replaced de Gaulle as EU leader, hence resulting in lengthy discussions, deliberations, and negotiations from 1970 under a pro-EU government of Edward Health.  As UK president, Health had to confront disagreements related to Commonwealth of Nations and Common Agricultural Policy.  In 1972, all member countries but Norway signed the accession treaties.

Admission

While there were unified calls for Britain to join European Community, Labour members were divided sharply on the need to be part of continental Europe. Therefore, the party proposed a referendum as a democratic process to determine the urgency of unification. Tony Benn formally made such a proposal in 1972. Enoch Powell (conservative anti-EEC political figure) advocated for labour vote that influenced 1974 elections. After Labour party's return to power the following year, a referendum was held on the need for the UK to remain a member of EEC.  68% of British citizens endorsed its EEC membership.  Since then, no other electorate has been allowed to vote on or alter the EU membership.

UK’s 1975-1997 EU Membership and Relations

Currently, there is an ongoing debate between EU supporters and Euroskeptics; not between UK’s political parties. The Labour party (opposition) and the Conservative Party (currently in government) exhibit varied views regarding EU membership. However, in late 1970s and early 1980s, Eurosceptism was more prevalent among labour party members than the Conservatives. In fact, the majority of Labour MPs were had anti-EU views. In 1975, a special conference was held by labour party leaders to vote on British exit European Community—2 to 1 voted for the motion. Similar views were observed in 1979 and 1983 when the party vowed to oppose any move of incorporating Britain in a European federation.

The leadership of Kinnock Neil in 1983successfully negotiated with the opposition to drop its resistance in favour of British integration into European Monetary and Economic Union. However, Margret Thatcher’s 1984 UK rebate gained much popularity. It enabled Britain to minimise its contributions to EU, given that the country was second poorest EU member. It received insignificant farm subsidies because of poor performance of its agricultural sector.  Overall, British acceptance by as an EU member state grew up to 1990s when it declined sharply in subsequent years. At one time, a show of support from member states sank to the levels of 1980s because of timely connections with 1992 Maastricht Treaty. European integration was defeated by failure to establish EU constitution enforceable in all the member states. In light of this, Euroskeptism gained more impact both in the UK and in other European countries.

James Goldsmith established Referendum Party (a single-issue party) to participate in 1997 elections. One of his policies included a call for a referendum that reassesses the relationship of the United Kingdom with the EU.  He argued that domestic issues influenced British electorates more than the affairs of continental Europe (Leach et al., 2011).  Mostly, Britain is labelled as an “awkward partner” within EU, though many other states are opposed to further EU integration and the dissolution of member countries.

The awkwardness of the UK is based on highly enthusiastic views of its citizens on a long-standing relationship with Europe.  In addition, UK bears a distinct culture and identity as a once powerful global empire and its special relationship with the United States, Australia and other former colonies. Besides, Britain has experienced minimal political upheavals as compared to most of EU member states such as Germany, France, and Spain.

Officials of the British government are often hostile on issues related to extensive integration of Europe, but they support intergovernmental cooperation. Opposition to supranational authority and establishment of a single is almost unanimous in the UK. Furthermore, most British are concerned about the possible infringement of national sovereignty should the existing relations with EU be extended. Many political leaders defend the maintenance of ultimate decision-making body within the UK as a nation state (Dalessio, 2011).

Regarding EU policies, UK has had little influence during negotiations, given its belated membership. For instance, EMU strongly opposes British interests and values. British governments often react to proposals made by other member states instead of setting up agendas for pursuit. It is a testament to UK’s determination to slow down the pace of negotiations and integration process, or to limit their effects to national sovereignty. Britain is yet to forge a partnership effective enough to launch a counter-offensive against Franco-German alliance.          Singe market and defence are some of the areas where Britain is mostly influential in the EU. In other areas, EU colludes with minority states to oppose radical changes knitting Europe as a Union. On EU membership benefits, the UK also lacks consensus among the country’s elites as opposed to other member countries of EU. In the past, this issue stirred the Labour party and still does to Conservatives and UK Independence party (UKIP) today.  No other European country shows low levels of support or has little knowledge of EU as compared to the UK. In fact, UK citizens hardly identify themselves as Europeans. Issues related to sovereignty are also prominent in debates across the United Kingdom as demonstrated by major newspapers that take Euroskeptic stances (Dittmer, 2013).

The UK cannot Adopt Euro

From a political standpoint, the reluctance of UK to fully submerge itself as part of Europe is evident. Denmark, Britain and Sweden are the only three member states of the European Union yet to adopt Euro as a national currency. Hoverer, debate lingers in British political cycles whether the country is losing by not adopting the euro. Still, there are multiple reasons why UK will never adopt the European currency to replace its Pound.

Gordon Brown tabled five economic tests to measure UK’s readiness for adoption of Euro.  It entailed the assessment of business flexibility, convergence, financial services, growth and employment. Initially, the test set up by English treasury failed as a result of interest rates and the housing market in the UK. British economic demands cannot be met or addressed by the Eurozone. If the country joins the European Monetary Union, UK's ability to set its own interest rates and to control monetary policies will be lost. A devastating effect will particularly be observed in the housing market.

Unemployment rates in the United Kingdom are remarkably lower as compared to those of continental Europe. Although UK's economy is nearly in recession, one of the main strategies utilised by its economists is to encourage spending as a means of propping up the economic performance. As a result, more jobs are created, thus leading to injection of finances into the economy via taxation of the working population.  Such an approach will be impossible if UK adopts Euro. In addition, EMU’s strict rules and regulations to be adhered to by new members forces British to drop out its economic strategy before embracing Euro as its currency. European rules stipulate that EMU member should bear a budgetary deficit below 3% of its national income (Lynn, 2012). Britain falls short of this criterion and cannot cut back on its spending without triggering a surge in unemployment and an increase in taxation. In the short-run the adopted Euro can discourage investment because it triggers economic instability.

History shows that countries that already use Euro are crippled with economic challenges. It is easy to question the effectiveness of Euro in ensuring economic growth and prosperity. A classic example is the republic of Ireland that joined EU in 1973 but adopted Euro in the year 2002. Ireland’s economy grew steadily and rapidly in the 1990’s prior to the adoption of Euro. It had low corporate taxes thus attracting a pool of international investments. Immediately after becoming euro zone member, Ireland scrapped its old interest rates and replaced them with new recommendations from the Union, leading to devastating economic effects in the country. The halving of interest rate resulted in a rise of inflation by 4.7%.  Today, Ireland’s rate of inflation stands at negative-1.7%.  Even worse, the country has an unemployment rate of more than 14%.  In light of this, the Britain realises that adoption of Euro is a repetition of Ireland’s economic woes (Baimbridge et al., 2014).

History shows that currency unions are prone to collapse, especially in the times of economic recession and financial crisis. Therefore, a success of EMU is not guaranteed. Indeed, Euro has all the traits to be a recipe for poor economic performance and stagnation in the UK. Structural unemployment can rise tremendously on pursuance of deflationary monitory policy by Central Bank of Europe to all member states. The British public is well aware of EMU instability. Theoretically, there are economic benefits of adopting Euro, but a lack of foreign exchange eliminates an effective mechanism of imbalance adjustment. Such can result in economic shocks for new members such as the United Kingdom. During a period of recession, it is hard for a country to increase exports and devalue its currency to stimulate the economy.

Most British critics believe that EMU cuts Europe off from the rest of the planet as it is bureaucratically motivated. If UK adopts Euro, its domestic monetary autonomy will be transferred permanently to the European Central Bank.  Control of short-term interest rates and exchange rate flexibility will be surrendered to the central body in continental Europe. Adoption of Euro also implies that Britain will engage in substantial fiscal transfer programme to poorer countries within the Union so as to eliminate or minimise structural economic inequalities. After 2008 financial crisis, England is yet to afford large-scale intra-EU transfers. Britain is also fearful of poor coordination between EMU and European fiscal policy makers which lessen the possibility of Euro alleviating economic challenges at a local stage.

In Summary, it is clear that the UK is more inclined towards isolation from the continental Europe than to forge lasting political and economic ties. Notably, Britain is one of the richest states of the European Union. As such its membership to the EU is a liability rather than beneficial (Naido, 2014). Besides, the country risks losing its culture and sovereignty it further strengthen its relationship with continental Europe. Adoption of Euro is hardly possible as its relations with EU weaken.

Bibliography

Baimbridge, M., & Whyman, P. (2014). Britain, the Euro and Beyond. Aldershot, England, Ashgate. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=438514.

Dalessio, T.O., 2011. Parliamentary Sovereignty: Contemporary Debates. European Constitutional Law Review, 7(2), pp.336-343. Print.

Dittmer, L., & Dorn, L. (2013). The United Kingdom as an Outsider to the EU History, Politics and Ideological Determinants. München, GRIN Verlag.

Leach, R., Coxall, B. and Robins, L., 2011. British Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Print.

Lynn, M. (2010). Bust: Greece, the Euro and the Sovereign Debt Crisis. Chichester, Wiley. Print.

Morphet, J., 2013. How Europe shapes British public policy. London: Policy Press. Print.

Naidoo, P., 2014. Should the UK leave the EU or Consider an EEA Relationship? A Question of Supremacy. London: Macmillan publishers. Print