Tuesday 2 February 2016

Racism and Ethnicity in the United States

Racism and Ethnicity in the United States
The United States is a country that is rich in religious, cultural and ethnic diversity. Since its inception a few centuries ago, the prosperity in the union has characterized the evolution of human civilization. While it has a constitution that preserves rights and freedom of all humans regardless of their racial or ethnic background, the challenges faced by the citizens cannot be underscored. In fact, most sociologists argue that racial segregation is becoming a threat to national unity in the present than any other time in its history since the American Civil War. Notably, United States had a darker part of its history where slavery and gender inequality were a norm.
Feagin, J. R. (2014). Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations. New York: Routledge.1-189. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=OlakAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=racism+in+america&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=racism%20in%20america&f=false
In the book , the author argues that during America’s colonial era, only the White Americans had social rights. Blacks, Asian and Latin Americans had no rights to vote, to become citizens or to own property.  Some of the racially structured institutions in American history include residential schools, segregation camps, reservations for indigenous groups and intermittent camps. The socioeconomic inequality that is evident in the modern times has its roots in racial politics of post-colonial America. Racial stratification is yet to be fully uprooted in the American society. It has mutated to indirect modern forms of expressions especially in lending institutions, education, and housing.
American human rights networks admit the prevalent discrimination penetrating all life aspects to all colored communities. There is a self-admission amongst the majority of Americans that they harbor discriminatory viewpoints against their neighbors of color.  This is despite the advances against racism.
He further observes that the United States society is racialized so deeply that the African-American community is at a disadvantage in matters like education, wealth and the level of income. If these injustice patterns are to be reversed, it is imperative that the employers work together with representatives of all communities to find a common ground on such sensitive issues.  Today, residential segregation is one fundamental mechanism that catapults racism. It is worrying that the government casts a blind eye to such an escalating situation that has a potential to spiral into a social calamity.  This segregation of social groups isolates the poor minorities from accessing private and public resources from political influence and business connections. Other resources barred from the access of the minorities include the cultural and human capital and vital social networks. 

Andersen, M., & Taylor, H. (2012). Sociology: the essentials. Cengage Learning. 200-274.Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=_jwaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT263&dq=sociology+and+racism+2013&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAmoVChMI-ICKx_vjyAIVy9caCh3Jpg1q#v=onepage&q=sociology%20and%20racism%202013&f=false
From the book, some schools of sociology pitch an argument regarding racial issues to a generalized framework of specific cultural and ethnic groups. They believe that the ethnic groups join an already established society and find it hard to adapt initially. As the time goes by, they assimilate and gain an equal status enabling them to form a complex society. In the United States, for instance, a number of migrant groups from Asia and Europe have been able to assimilate quickly to American society. This prompts warm racial relations, which is not characteristic to African-American groups given their history as slaves.
The racial relations concept should encourage neutrality among different racial groups forming a society. However, in the United States, it has been hijacked by a show of might and domination among the white majority via the use of violence hence leading to dehumanization and suppression of black minority groups and Hispanics.
Another social theory of racism revolves around  domination. In any given country, minorities are hardly represented in political positions. History confirms that America is not an exception. Since its infantry years, US have discouraged equality in opportunities and power to all ethnic groups including minorities.  Slavery incubated a society that believed African-Americans to be inferior beings in comparison to the whites. The mentality has stuck through generations to the modern times. The irony is that most African-Americans actually started believing their racially branded status. It was as recent as 1960s when the minorities started demanding for justice and equal rights, but they received a partial share. The racial aftershocks of slavery age are still rampant today though downgraded to symbolic levels. 

Rabow. J., Veniers. P., Dhillon. M. (2013). Ending Racism in AmericaOne Microaggression at a Time Students Speak of Pain Hope & Change. Dubuque: Kendal Hunt. 1-207.Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=sT_mnQEACAAJ&dq=ending+racism+in+america&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAWoVChMIr6_Dy_zjyAIVQUwaCh3ZfQ6e


According to Rabow et al., (2013) racism can be ended. It takes social responsibility to strip down racist ideas in the society. For instance, at the national level, political figures should lead the way towards a racist free America. Citizens should write to their representatives and members of congress about the need to draft progressive policies to criminalize such acts. Media also has a role in creating awareness through airing of educative programs on the importance of social integration. In addition, the media should raise an alarm on the rising cases of the judiciary and law enforcers' racist acts. Other government arms are tasked with instituting regulatory policies on police practices. Besides, the government should address the historical injustices subjected to slaves and the native population. Of keen to note is that all along, the government has been treating racist symptoms and not the causes.  Uprooting racism demands determination and support of all citizens in the country.
Latest studies indicate that colored people are underrepresented in the workplace. While most of them are minorities, there is inequality in proportionality between white workforce and the minority groups. Critics claim that the sharp contrast is as a result of minorities' low level of education and poor academic performance. While there is a sense of truth in this claim, the core cause of the disparity is the environment.  The black community neighborhoods lack quality amenities such as well-equipped learning institutions and adequate security. As such, most students drop out early and lead criminal lifestyles. The state and the community should activate affirmative action programs that eliminate racist exclusions.
Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., Hornsey, M. J., Radke, H. R., Harwood, J., ... & Sibley, C. G. (2012). The contact caveat negative contact predicts increased prejudice more than positive contact predicts reduced prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(12), 1629-1643. Retrieved from: http://psp.sagepub.com/content/38/12/1629.short
According to the journal, there is a shift in the nature of American politics today. The people are becoming aware of electing leaders that will unify the country. However, more should be done to eliminate the color barrier crippling representation of the needs of minorities. A quick check on the congress reveals a different picture. Similarly, the whites dominate top-level managerial positions in the corporate world.  Such inequality can inspire hatred and disillusion in the society which can result in political tensions in the country.  A solution is achievable through an election of leaders that share concerns of all subjects regardless of their ethnic or racial background. 
At the community level, people should warm up on their neighbors to create a social bond. Friendly greetings release tension that might be building up within the multicultural community. Protests for racist activities and participation in anti-racist community events strengthen ties among the community members. Thus, the government should provide funding for such activities to encourage strong cooperation among its citizens.   It should also encourage the formation of activist groups through the easing of licensing procedures.
There is an extended list of suggestions on how to alleviate racial discrimination in modern America. For instance, in the Institutions of higher learning, the regulating bodies suggest the formation of committees to respond to cases of racism within the universities. The committees will also have the responsibility of arresting non-sanctionable behavior.
Furthermore, activists suggest that students from white community and the institutional faculty members should restructure and modernize the white-awareness programs towards a less extremist identity usually vulnerable to black culture.  This will help in neutralizing the dominance of a given race in a particular institution.  There are also suggestions for increase in faculty members of large institutions to fragment white dominance.
From the discussion, it is clear that racism is still forms part of American history and the present times. Unless a concerted effort is made by the government and relevant authorities to dismantle the threat, the country’s future is bleak. It is notable that the government often reacts to the symptoms of the problem rather than sourcing for the cause. As long as this forms part of the government policy, it is likely that a lasting solution will never be found. On the other hand, the people have a role to play in the community to solve the issue. This demands responsibility, action and show of willingness to forge a societal union.





References
Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., Hornsey, M. J., Radke, H. R., Harwood, J., ... & Sibley, C. G. (2012). The contact caveat negative contact predicts increased prejudice more than positive contact predicts reduced prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(12), 1629-1643. Retrieved from: http://psp.sagepub.com/content/38/12/1629.short
Feagin, J. R. (2014). Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations. New York: Routledge.1-189. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=OlakAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=racism+in+america&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=racism%20in%20america&f=false

Rabow. J., Veniers. P., Dhillon. M. (2013). Ending Racism in AmericaOne Microaggression at a Time Students Speak of Pain Hope & Change. Dubuque: Kendal Hunt. 1-207.Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=sT_mnQEACAAJ&dq=ending+racism+in+america&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAWoVChMIr6_Dy_zjyAIVQUwaCh3ZfQ6e

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