Porter’s Five Forces Analysis on Uber

Porter’s Five Forces Analysis on Uber

            Understanding the network of potential growth and attractiveness in the US’s transport industry demands the use of Porter’s five forces analysis. Uber is a growing transportation firm with a commanding presence in New York. Within a few years of operation, the organization has customer loyalty. This has ensured its rapid expansion and provision of better ride-sharing services. However, it faces stiff competition from other equally cheap and effective firms like Lyft(Casadesus-Masanell, Makenzie & Didiomov, 2015).

A Threat of Potential Market Entrants

            Uber lacks protection from new ride-sharing firms that can unfairly charge less for the same distance. At the time of its establishment, Uber's co-founders parted with a sizeable amount of capital. On the other hand, upcoming rivals are expected to lesser initial capital to jumpstart their operations.  Uber's policy is to offer their application software for free to willing customers. The services can be switched at zero cost. As the need to offset cost becomes imminent, Uber is not immune to raising rates, hence making it easier for other firms to penetrate the industry. This is a strong force because it determines the firm's survival in the sector. 

Supplier Bargaining Power

            Uber owns no vehicle among its fleets. As such, the company’s business model is highly dependent on drivers and partners owning their own rides. In fact, Uber utilizes an outsourcing strategy for its labor and assets to persons that meet the terms and conditions for use of their maiden web application. It is also hard to substitute particular drivers. Car owners are accorded the freedom to choose between the organization and rivals thus can negotiate for a better attention to the company’s expense. Therefore, it is undeniable that the suppliers have an upper hand in impacting Uber’s performance. As compared to other porter’s forces, Supplier bargaining power is moderate in Uber’s case.

Buyer Bargaining Power

            Customers do not necessarily require Uber services on a regular basis. In fact, only specific circumstances like lateness for work or a scheduled event make the customers to order its services. Customers can freely choose between Uber, Lyft, or other emerging ride-sharing entities. The switching cost is also lower for customers because Uber’s free application software only demands customer registration. Uber’s customers are sensitive to price changes given the presence of substitutes and competitors (Casadesus-Masanell, Makenzie & Didiomov, 2015). In light of these factors, the buyers’ immense power can limit the amount of revenue for the company, hence solidifying it as a strong force.

The threat of Substitutes

            A Substitute is a common force in competitive business environments. Network Transportation Industry is an umbrella body that numerous member organizations that can substitute Uber. Taxi services, for instance, is the closest rival and a potential substitute. Taxi service is traditional to cities with ride-sharing operations like New York. As such, their abundance is enough to restrict Uber from raising the service rates. It is notable that a slight increase of Uber rates can result in customer embrace of its closest rivals and substitutes. Besides, public means of transport that offer similar services at a cheaper cost can threaten Uber's existence or operations. A constant threat of substitutes is currently a weak force in the case of Uber.

Rivalry with other Competitors

            Lyft is one of the major competitors of Uber. The company has an almost identical business model and operations. Not only are the two firms competing for market share but also the suppliers. A modern business environment demands corporations to target a customer base within a given geographical locations to cut on the operation cost. This is the case for Lyft and Uber (Casadesus-Masanell, Makenzie & Didiomov, 2015). Uber has a well-established business network and large capital investment. In essence, it is a market leader, but insignificant differentiation strategies limit the firm’s potential. Competition is a weaker force given Uber’s dominance.

            Uber is indeed a dorminant force in the ride-sharing industry. However, there is a need for advancement of its innovation strategies to gain a competitive advantage. Transport industry in the United States has many substitutes and competing entities. To survive, it is imperative to lower the cost of operation to avoid raising customer charges.

References

Casadesus-Masanell, R., Makenzie, I., & Didiomov, D. (2015). Uber and the Taxi Industry (pp. 1-12). Massachusetts: Harvard Business School.Print.

Responding to Triggers

Responding to Triggers

Triggers hit unexpectedly and are hard to control. The ensuing reaction is most likely to be defensive or intended for survival. This not only makes it worse but also unhealthy. Most triggers emanate from my distinctive experiences of being hurt and vulnerability during early stages of my life (Choudhuri et al., 2012). Often, they are based on unique details of the occasion.

Sometimes, I am fully aware of the triggers while at other times I am not. For instance, when a trigger is about me, I succumb to panic characterized by a racing heart. Often, I am unaware of factors that set off the reaction. Other times, there is a sudden feeling of rage in a tense conversation. If such is the case, an immediate response is to launch an attack. On the other hand, triggers about other people are met with avoidance. I find it hard to respond to the trigger even if I feel agitated. Over time, I have realized that enduring an upsetting situation results in a build-up of anger and frustration. In turn, it yields confusion during future recurrences.

It is true that the difference in my response to triggers is influenced identities and variation in social group memberships. During my early teens, I internalized trigger content because most of my peers, friends, and those in my inner circle were submissive. My response gradually changed as I became aware of my surroundings. Besides, my identity changed as I forged for new friendships with a similar mindset.

Tolerance is a response that I would like to add to my repertoire. This self-regulation skill will be helpful to me in controlling states of intense feelings that in the past have resulted in dissociation, avoidance, and attacks. In fact, the response will aid in diminishing the intensity and frequency of traumatic stress experiences and symptoms. Sourcing for alternatives to triggers diffuses shock and confusion. Positive response approach is effective to eliminate chances of recurrence of an emotional trigger. For example, I can commit myself to becoming assertive enough to tell my boss that I won't be available. 

Responses that I use more include attack, confusion, and confrontation. Others are misinterpretation are naming and surprise. They are reactive and can elicit a counter-response from offended parties. Resultantly, it is hard to find an amicable solution for triggering factors. It is my intention to use them selectively by embracing healthy reactions such as silence, discussion, and discretion. Confusion and shock can be eliminated if I become more aware of my emotions and accept them.

Ego, personal beliefs, and self-esteem block me from responding to triggers in more implicit ways. Besides, peer pressure affects some of my choice of response. Hesitance to seek professional advice hinders me from overcoming my fears to tame shock, confusion, and confrontation. It is attributable to lack of adequate information and forums for open discussion of such personal issues.

I will utilize self-help resources to study extensively on triggers and how to effectively manage them. Furthermore, there is a need to consult therapists, counselors, and other professionals in order to understand sources of my anger, annoyance, and frustration (Choudhuri et. al., 2012). This way, the specialists can recommend necessary measures on how I can face my vulnerabilities. Freedom from deeply ingrained conditioning will prompt a rewiring of my brain to respond in healthier new ways to inevitable triggers common in my relationship with others.

References

Choudhuri, D. D., Santiago-Rivera, A. L., & Garrett, M. T. (2012). Counseling & diversity. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

Planning Success in Teaching and Coaching

Planning Success in Teaching and Coaching

            A well-designed lesson plan is the coach’s roadmap on the athlete’s needs and how to deliver them effectively during practices. Prior to planning for training, it is important to identify the objectives for each practice session. Therefore, the coach should design specific training activities and develop appropriate strategies for obtaining athlete’s feedback. A successful teaching plan for the entire session should integrate and address key components that include the objectives, strategies to analyze athlete performance, and the teaching activities.

            There are six steps to be used in planning for teaching and coaching. First, the coach should determine and clearly outline the training objectives to be achieved at the end of each session. In addition, the coach should rank them as per their importance. The essence of this step is that it prepares the coach for managing time while accomplishing the most important training objectives in case the time is up. Second, a design of specific activities for use in gauging and the athlete’s progress and application of lessons learned is important in addressing each of their needs. This step will involve knowing the athletes and their capabilities. It will be useful in the preparation of distinct ways amplify their talents and characteristics for better performance. In addition, it will allow for incorporation of a variety of training styles besides allowing the instructor to estimate the time to be spent on each training session (Martens, 1996, p.209).

            The third step is about analyzing the instructor’s situation and how well-equipped they are to deliver. It entails collection of information on the personal abilities and weaknesses that can derail the performance of learners. Below average state of the instructor implies that there is a need to seek improvements. Besides, failure to seek help as an instructor can spell doom for the athletes.

            Establishment of priorities is another step that focuses on skills to be imparted on athletes. The top priorities should include the state of facilities and the number of athletes. Each skill should be evaluated as per its centrality to the sport, and the athlete’s readiness. Methods for teaching should be selected as the fifth step to maximize learning and coaching experience.  Most experts advocate for coaching and teaching using games approach, guided discovery and problem-solving approach to learning. Lastly, the instructor should refer to the season plan to conceive daily training plans.

            Some of the attributes and skills to be included in learning will include leadership, listening skills, passion, content knowledge, and classroom management. Such qualities will enable the instructors to accommodate the social, emotional and academic needs of the learners.

Useful Written Forms

            Lesson plan templates are useful in planning for the entire practice period. These written forms focus the instructors on how to use common core. Evaluation forms such as common curriculum are also useful because they allow the coach to align his/her lessons as per the requirements. In fact, such written template allows for organization of lessons as per weeks, days, or months. It is possible to design reusable templates with common components such as objectives, essential questions or warm-up as per the available tutorials.

            Furthermore, situation evaluation form involves backward design. The coach focuses on the expectations of athletes at the end of each day of practice. The form allows for writing down of the goals and working back. It focuses on the formulation of generative lessons, the athlete performance, and understanding of the overall goals of coaching. Besides, the coach’s work is to write down the instruction plan, skills list, athlete performance, and an instructional plan (Martens, 1996, p. 212).

            In summary, coaches should equip themselves with the necessary tools and skills to design teaching plans that will reflect and address the athlete’s requirements. Doing so in advance will not only save valuable time during class sessions but will also allow for athlete-coach interaction that yields desired outcome.

References

Martens, R. (1996). Successful Coaching. Champaign: Human Kinetics.

TAA Practice

TAA Practice

Newspaper websites are a source of information for the majority of the population in the United States. As internet access becomes faster and electronic gadgets cheaper, tech-savvy youths are adopting media websites as a primary source of news (Batsell 27). Therefore, most media organizations like Washington Post and Indianapolis Star seek to capitalize on the rising number of internet users.

The website homepages of Indianapolis Star and Washington Post are dominated by photographs and accompanying headlines of article contents.  It is evident that the website designers are aware that the majority of their audiences prefer photographs and graphic representations as compared to written details. In addition, both websites incorporated multiple links to sister magazines and newspaper sections. This is a strategy that ensures ease of access and homepage simplicity. Live newsfeed sections are also available in the two sites.

Washington Post targets an international audience. It has sections for the ‘US&World’ and ‘Regional’. Besides, the homepage features mostly national and global news. The market watch section implies that the site targets a business-minded or working class population. Leisure activities such as Sudoku and Crosswords are included in the ‘diversions section' to guarantee the audience’s revisits to the site.

On the other hand, Indianapolis Star targets local audiences as evidenced by a presence of local weather section on the home page. The site is not cluttered with adverts thus indicating the limited audience and web traffic. The homepage is confined to news making headlines locally, for instance, the local college basketball news. The ‘Quick Links' section features ‘Our Children' link to show that young parents are the targeted audience. ‘Puzzles and Comics’ is also present to promote audience loyalty.

In summary, the designers of both websites intend to maximize reach through the incorporation of multiple sections and links on the home page. However, the targeted audiences differ given that Indianapolis Star is a local newspaper whereas Washington Post features national and international news.

Reference

Batsell, Jake. Engaged Journalism: Connecting with Digitally Empowered News Audiences. 2015: 7-46. Internet resource.

Ethics, Responsibilities, and Sustainability

Ethics, Responsibilities, and Sustainability

Over the past few decades, the government authorities and business regulators emphasize on the need for organizations to exercise business ethics and enshrine sustainability measures in the firm’s codes of conduct. Industrialization in the developed world yielded unethical business practices including dishonesty in trade, child labor and an absence of equity and systematic procedures across the business divide.  As business people become socially aware in the late 1960s, the organizations considered business ethics as a way to boost its image. Today, many companies face ethical dilemma when making decisions on corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities (Carroll et al. 6).

What are Business Ethics, Sustainability and Business Responsibilities?

Ethics is a set of disciplines that examine moral standards adopted as part of the organizational culture to effectively meet its goals while ensuring sustainability. People in the society have moral stances, beliefs, and values that should be respected by business entities. Business managers should, therefore, be aware of the existing conflicts due to ethical dilemmas (DesJardins et al. 62). As organizations embrace international trade and expand beyond the borders of a particular country, the customers, and the workforce becomes diversified. It calls for refinement of ethical codes, policies, and social responsibilities to accommodate the changes in the business environment hence ensure business sustainability.

Sustainable Value

The sustainable value concept is attainable via long-term corporate social responsibility. Today, endless environmental and social issues trigger a global crisis that affects the stability of the business environment. Resultantly, shareholders and managers are concerned with the future of the organization. Sustainable value serves as a remedy because it does not view social responsibility as an added cost and burden to the organization, but as a business opportunity to be exploited.

It is the responsibility of the organizations to address special and specified environmental and social issues to create awareness of the possible hazards. At the same time, the company gets solutions through innovation of products and voluntary services. It is hard to gain such benefits through internal ethical conduct. Most importantly, the business image and brand is improved for future profitability. Creation of products and services to attain a sustainable value demands social innovation. Social innovation involves the creation of new plans, strategies, ideas, and concepts to solve specified and existent social needs as targeted by the corporation.  Sustainability value refers to a concept that is emergent from the groundwork of a holistic value (Bansal et al. 73). Such an idea integrates the social environment with the financial objectives of organization. It also fuses the internal organizational structure and the community that the firm’s operations are based.

Talking of sustainable value, holistic value and social responsibility should focus the organization on the social environment some of the elements of a social environment include the firm’s employees, potential customers, social activists, the organizational culture, a secondary and primary set of attitudes, and societal norms.

The social environment teams up with other factors to influence the business environment. Sustainable value strategy, for instance, addresses vivid concerns on extreme economic challenges facing the nation and the planet. Global economic recessions make it difficult to fulfill CSR duties while addressing shareholder and investor needs. A Sacrifice on socially responsible behavior has to be made when the annual revenue shrinks. In light of this, an organizational management that is committed to sustainability addresses its issues using well-formulated strategies while maintaining business ethics.

In summary, business ethics can be enhanced through the incorporation of social responsibilities and improvement of the environment that the business is based. This way, the firm enhances its image hence ensuring customer loyalty. In the long run, the revenue generated will increase hence ensuring business survival.

Works Cited

Bansal, Pratima, and Mark R. DesJardine. "Business sustainability: It is about time." Strategic Organization 12.1 (2014): 70-78.

Carroll, Archie, and Ann Buchholtz. Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and Stakeholder Management. Birchmount: Nelson Education, 2014: 1-76.

DesJardins, Joseph R., and John J. McCall. Contemporary Issues in Business Ethics. Singapore: Cengage Learning, 2014: 3-132. Print.

  

UN Strategic Issues

UN Strategic Issues

The United Nation is a global body that oversees the development, social cohesion, and economic empowerment at a global stage. Nearly all countries in the world today are members of the United Nations headquartered in New York City. The diversity of the population and distinctive culture present a myriad of challenges to the international organization including cultural changes, business environment dynamics, soaring costs, and unskilled labor in hardship areas.

Unexpected Cultural Changes

Culture in the developing world is evolving rapidly. As globalization takes a toll in such areas, people adopt westernized culture. Urbanization and modernization in the third world countries, for instance, has resulted in unexpected cultural changes such as a rise in crime rates. It is the responsibility of the United Nations to ensure smooth cultural transitions while fostering the local culture in the areas heavily affected.

Organized crime, terrorism, and drug trafficking are some of the activities that result from unexpected cultural changes. The United Nations is a vital mechanism that coordinates global response programs and mobilizes resources and to any of these issues affecting both developed and the developing world. To counter terrorism, The UN launched terrorism support portal as a dedication to persons that have been injured, traumatized, or attacked by terrorists. Furthermore, the member states of the United Nations coordinate counter-terrorism via the General Assembly (Muller, 2011). On the other hand, UN Office on Drugs and Crime offers technical aid to member states as a strategy to combat drug trafficking. CND (Commission on Narcotic Drugs) governs UNDOC and also has the mandate to approve budgetary deficits for International Drug Control Programme. At the local level, the United Nations collaborate with the authorities to uproot unexpected negative culture from gaining a foothold.

The Dynamic Business Environment

Dynamic nature of the business environment has become a new norm. The tumultuous nature of global markets such as Dow Jones and Nikkei are clear examples of this. As the global economy faces shocks from crude oil price changes and cooling businesses in the developed world, UN is tasked with developing sustainable plans to ensure proper mitigation of world business while boosting international trade and globalization.

Sustainable development ensures a balance between the requirements of future generations and the existing business needs. It is at the core if the agency’s development agenda. The UN shifts its idea of sustainable development partly because of the changes in climate hence an effect to future business operations. If left unchecked, changing climate and weather conditions can degenerate into irreversible and severe changes to the ecosystem. In the long run, it will negatively affect the business environment as well. UN’s strategy for sustainable development can be useful in fighting against climate change and fostering stability in the business environment because it is less harmful to the ecosystem (Muller, 2011).

Increasing Costs Incurred

Inflation, instability of global currencies and global demographic changes means that the United Nations incurs extra operational costs. Political instabilities in the Middle East and other parts of Africa also contribute to this UN issue. To curb such, there is a need for the United Nations to develop effective financial strategies to maximize benefits while minimizing expenditures (Wilson, 2014).

Raising resources is a major problem for the United Nations even as numerous crises beg for its attention. Most UN humanitarian operations and Agencies receive funding from appeals and voluntary contributions but currently, such donations are not enough to cater for rising needs. Suspension of food voucher programs by World Food Program (a UN agency) has become common as the incurred costs rise and donors failure to meet commitments. Nearly 200 UN member states are mandated to contribute to a regular budget of the United Nations and to a separate periodic budget for peacekeeping in regions affected by political or social conflict.

Limited Skilled Labor

There are several hardship areas in Asia, Africa, and South America. As an international organization, one of UN’s roles is to ensure that the local populations in these hardship areas are equipped with necessary skills and knowledge to ensure their eligibility for available job opportunities. In this way, such inhabitants can earn a living hence sustain their families. The United Nations, therefore, should allocate resources for youth training programs.

UN has initiated several programs in third world countries such as South Sudan to create life-changing opportunities for the young population. For instance, more than 2000 youths are beneficiaries of Sudan Labor Intensive Work Project (SLIWP) focusing on a provision of training on waste management. Such a projects aim at addressing high levels of youth unemployment by conceiving diversified and rapid employment opportunities for unskilled and least advantaged South Sudanese in the hardship area of Juba State. It is made possible via engagement in labor intensive work. It is one of the several projects initiated in the sub-Saharan regions of Africa, especially in the war-torn area to minimize cases of idleness among young people. Currently, the first batches of beneficiaries have completed their practical and theoretical course in waste management and are already productive as society members.

                                                                                           

References

Müller, J. W. (2011). Reforming the United Nations: The Quiet Revolution. The Hague [u.a.: Kluwer Law Internat.

Wilson, G. (2014). The United Nations and Collective Security. London: Routledge.

The Role of Sport in the GDR

The Role of Sport in the GDR

The political leadership of GDR (commonly referred to as East Germany) viewed sports prowess as a vital tool for ramping up propaganda. It was an effort to stamp the superiority of their system when compared to the West. As such the communist government allocated a significant amount of resources on an annual basis into important disciplines deemed to boost the state's image in the eyes of the world. Some of the sports that showcased GDR's values include tobogganing, rowing, and cycling. Between the year 1967 and 1990, East German’s sporting strategy yielded fruits. The country amerced more than 193 gold medals as their bitter rivals—West Germany managed only 67 medals. However, use of steroids and performance-enhancers was prevalent among the top athletes, thus severely denting GDR's image (Dennis et al., 2012).

Regular Exercise

East Germany’s citizens were encouraged to exercise once a week. It demonstrates the extent that the government regarded the importance of sport for the nation. In fact, as early as 1960, the government enacted policies that promoted mass participation in different fields of sport. As a communist president, Walter Ulbricht conceived a self-styled image of an active sporting advocate. He participated in multiple sporting events. In addition, he ensured that his footage was shown in the national television as he enjoyed skiing and other outdoor sports activities. The campaigns of the media succeeded immensely. They raised the mass participation profile and enhanced the chances of most athletes competing at a global stage. Resultantly, More than 22% of East Germans became members of the national sports authority (Johnson, 2008)

Scouting

Government authorities scouted young, talented, and promising athletes at a tender age. By the year 1990, there were approximately 25 sports academies dedicated for teenagers and children (Volkwein-Caplan, 2014). Moreover, reputable firms arranged for own sporting activities whose exercise benefits were highlighted by GDR’s media. For instance, since 1964, the state media covered inter-school competitions that involved students participating in varied disciplines of athletics.

National Sports Clubs

The establishment of national sports clubs at a massive scale was a desperate effort to tame a group of ambitious and talented young sportsmen from fleeing GDR. Mostly, the youths were welcomed at the Federal Republic of Germany. As such, it necessitated the GDR to initiate the formation of sports organizations during the late 1950s to fight and prevent the ‘damaging and harsh' influences of the US and the West on the young generation (Dennis & Laporte, 2013). In East Germany government’s view, the West corrupted the culture of the youth. Therefore, baiting the potential defectors was fundamental in reversing the exodus. More than 1 million young sportspersons joined the state organization by 1955.

Cultivation of Socialist Ideals

Marxist-Leninist agendas topped GDR government’s list of policies. Thus, it was hard to keep the monolithic sports system as a secret. Both politicians and academicians of GDR made their intentions clear to be dedicated state servants in its cause of promoting sports. According to Walter Ulbricht, sports produced perfect socialist personality because it not only fostered health of GDR’s citizens but also cultivated vital character attributes like improvement in work habits and heightened willpower.

Sport as a Weapon

Superior athletes produced by the communist East German regime glorified socialism as the national sports organization incited self-control and commitment, especially in a country that limited people's choice on destiny. The exploitation of elite sportspersons as communist trophies was evidently clear at international sports events such as Olympics. Many experts were convinced that GDR government utilized sport as one of the weapons of warfare against West Germans (FDG), UK, and the US. 

Loyalist Athletes

Sports became a compulsory activity for government workers. Resultantly, GDR system of sports became a model for communist and socialist states because of three reasons. First, the strategy inculcated social consciousness via sports politicization. Second, it infused Marxist-Leninist ideological and moral standards into popular psyche. Lastly, it developed physical and mental qualities necessary for training a labour force of socialist loyalists. The main goal entailed a conception of a large internal network of sports system that exalted Karl Marx’s regard of sport as complementary to national productivity. The goal was indeed fulfilled in the GDR through elite sports.

Militaristic Approach

Sporting and training in East Germany took a militaristic and political twist in the long-run, thanks to an extensive influence of the northern political giant. In Olympic Games, it was observed that athletes from communist and socialist countries had the pride to compete for their nations, as compared to those of the West. Pinning sport as a core government business inspired loyalist views and allegiance to communist systems.  However, it took an concerted and coordinated effort of the government to convince the public of its intentions (Johnson, 2008). During the early 1970s, GDR government initiated a severe internal control mechanism to exert control and power over a section of civilians. State surveillance measures did not exempt athletes as well.

Sports educators taught young generation to remain loyal to the motherland and to maintain a brotherly love to the Soviets. GDR bound politics, sports and culture to form a formidable bundle of ideology. East Germans used sports to politically justify their socialist stance. Instead, it did the opposite: it took several years for GDR to be recognized by Olympic committees as an independent state. The autonomy of East Germany was formally admitted to as an Olympic participant late in 1968 though they still had to fly a neutral flag at the occasion. A full recognition took hold during the 1972 Olympics held in Munich. Arguably, there is no other European country that took Olympic Games dearly like GDR, to an extent of the sport determining its political fate.

Keeping Tradition

Germany has been an active participant of sports for centuries. As early as 10^th Century, German military used sport as a leisure activity for military. In medieval Germany, the residents were trained on how to prepare for an invasion of the city or areas of residence. Therefore, GDR interpreted sport as a means of psychological indoctrination of citizens to embrace a state of alertness. In most of the training sessions, GDR citizens were constantly reminded on the importance of embracing traditions of their ancestors through sport.

In summary, GDR athletic tradition has managed to survive Berlin Wall fall. However, information is emerging on the prevalence of during an era of socialism. Some of GDR's former athletes have confessed on the widespread use of performance enhancers (Steen, 2014). Still, East Germany succeeded, at least during the cold war to instil loyalist stance on its citizens.  The crumble of GDR during the late 1980s was an eye-opener to the Germans and the world on how the regime had launched a successful use of sport as a tool for propaganda. It served as a lesson to on the dangers of communism and socialism to the long-term stability of the state.

Bibliography

Dennis, M., & Grix, J. (2012). Sport under Communism: behind the East German "miracle". New York, Palgrave Macmillan. Print.

Dennis, M., & Laporte, N. (2013). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany. Oxford, Berghahn Books.

Johnson, M. W. (2008). Training socialist citizens: sports and the state in East Germany. Leiden, Brill. Print.

Steen, R. (2014). Competitive arts: a History of Spectator Sport. London: Bloomsbury Publishers. Print.

Volkwein-Caplan, K. A. E. (2014). Sport, Fitness, Culture. [Aachen, Germany], Meyer & Meyer Sport. Print.